For as far back as history goes, the earth has experienced four distinct seasons. Some areas have always experienced more extremes in terms of temperatures and therefore had to find ways to maintain a comfortable living environment. Insulation has been used throughout the centuries to keep heat in and cold out or vice versa. Here is some history:
Several nations that lived in particularly hot climates would construct homes with thick walls. Thicker walls would insulate against the heat and provide a cooler and more temperate indoor environment in which to live. This is evidenced in many of the ancient Mayan ruins in Central America. The Egyptians also used these construction methods to keep out the desert heat of the Sahara. The homes were characterized by low roofs and small windows so the heat couldn’t easily enter and remain in the homes. The Ancient Greeks probably made some of the more significant discoveries in terms of insulation. With regards to building construction, they used cavity walling to insulate the buildings. Cavity walling has a gap between two walls which traps air and moderates the temperatures. In other words, during the hot summer months, the cavity walling would help keep the warm air out and in the cooler winter months, it would help keep the warmth inside the homes. The Romans also picked up on cavity walling and used it as a method to insulate their homes. In addition, they used materials such as cork to insulate hot water pipes so the heat from the pipes would not transfer to the surrounding walls and floors, causing them to crack. Fabrics were also used as additional insulation. Scraps of cloth would be tucked into window frames to keep out the desert dusk or the icy European cold. Rugs made from animal furs were used as carpets and thick linen drapes were used as curtains. Elaborate tapestries were hung on walls and helped to manage some of the moisture buildup in the stone buildings. The tapestries also helped moderate the draughts that could sometimes cause an added chill.
During the Industrial Revolution, insulation became an integral part of many designs. Steam power was driven by coal-burning furnaces and asbestos was the main type of insulation used because of its flame-resistant properties. Interestingly enough, asbestos had been used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as insulation and they had dressed their slaves in it. Even though the Greeks had noted that it seemed to cause lung disease in those who were exposed to it, the industrialists seemed oblivious to this fact. For more than a century, asbestos continued to be the main form of insulation. It was only in the mid-1970s that the harmful effects of asbestos were finally properly documented which caused industries to consider other forms of insulation. Fiberglass batting was then widely used in building and construction projects and is still used today.
-Mark Munns
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